Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is defined by hallucinations (often hearing voices), delusions (fixed false beliefs), disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as reduced motivation, emotional expression, and speech. At least two of these must be present for one month, with continuous disturbance for six months and clear functional decline at work, school, or in self-care.

Schizophrenia most often emerges in late adolescence and early adulthood. The peak age of onset is 18-25 in men and 25-35 in women. Childhood-onset schizophrenia (before age 13) is rare, affecting roughly 1 in 40,000 children. Late-onset cases after age 45 occur and warrant medical workup to exclude organic causes.

Schizophrenia is not curable in the sense of a permanent disappearance of vulnerability, but it is highly treatable. About one-third of patients achieve sustained symptomatic recovery with treatment, another third have manageable symptoms with partial recovery, and the remainder have more severe persistent illness. Coordinated specialty care for first-episode patients substantially improves long-term outcome.

Schizophrenia arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility (heritability around 80%), neurodevelopmental disruption, and environmental triggers. Major contributors include family history, heavy cannabis use, urban birth, migration and minority stress, advanced paternal age, obstetric complications, and childhood trauma. No single cause explains every case; risk factors interact across the life course.

Genetics is the strongest single risk factor. Twin studies estimate heritability at roughly 80%. A first-degree relative with schizophrenia raises personal risk from about 1% to 9-10%, and an identical twin co-twin is affected in roughly 45% of pairs. Hundreds of common variants of small effect aggregate as polygenic risk; rare copy-number variants such as 22q11.2 deletion raise risk substantially.

Heavy cannabis use, especially of high-potency products and starting in adolescence, raises schizophrenia risk roughly 2-4 times in dose-dependent fashion. The association is one of the strongest modifiable risk factors but does not prove cannabis is the sole cause. People with family history of psychosis are advised to avoid cannabis, and people with established schizophrenia should stop cannabis to improve treatment response.

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder defined by manic, hypomanic, or depressive episodes; psychotic features, when present, are confined to mood episodes and are typically mood-congruent. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder in which hallucinations, delusions, and negative symptoms persist outside of mood episodes for at least two weeks. Family history, course, and treatment response help distinguish the two.

Schizoaffective disorder requires both a major mood episode (manic or depressive) and psychotic symptoms meeting schizophrenia criteria during the same illness period, with at least two weeks of psychosis in the absence of prominent mood symptoms. Schizophrenia lacks the prominent and recurrent mood episodes that define schizoaffective disorder. Treatment usually combines antipsychotic and mood stabilizer.

Positive symptoms are experiences added to normal functioning: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. Negative symptoms are reductions in normal functioning: blunted emotional expression, reduced speech, reduced motivation, anhedonia, and social withdrawal. Negative symptoms drive long-term disability more than positive symptoms and respond less to standard antipsychotics.

Schizophrenia is a clinical diagnosis. A psychiatrist gathers detailed history, performs a mental status examination, and obtains collateral information from family. Medical workup includes a drug screen, blood tests, and selective MRI to exclude substance-induced psychosis, autoimmune encephalitis, and other organic causes. DSM-5-TR or ICD-10 F20 criteria are then applied to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment combines antipsychotic medication, evidence-based psychosocial therapy, and coordinated care. Second-generation antipsychotics such as risperidone, olanzapine, aripiprazole, paliperidone, and cariprazine are first-line. Clozapine is reserved for treatment-resistant cases. Cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis, family psychoeducation, supported employment, and assertive community treatment substantially improve outcomes when added to medication.

Agitation and sleep typically improve within 1-3 days of starting an antipsychotic. Hallucinations and delusions reduce over 2-6 weeks, and full response to a first adequate trial is seen by week 6-8. Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits improve more slowly over months. If there is no meaningful improvement at adequate dose by week 6, switching agents or escalating to clozapine is considered.

Clozapine is the only antipsychotic with proven superiority for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and is the recommended option after failure of two adequate trials. It produces response in 30-60% of treatment-resistant patients and is the only drug shown to reduce suicide risk in schizophrenia. Use requires regular blood-count monitoring because of agranulocytosis risk, plus surveillance for myocarditis, seizures, and bowel obstruction.

Long-acting injectables are depot formulations of antipsychotics administered every 2 weeks to 6 months. Paliperidone palmitate, aripiprazole monohydrate, risperidone microspheres, and olanzapine pamoate are examples. They reduce 1-year relapse by 20-30% versus oral antipsychotics by removing daily adherence as a failure point and are recommended after a first relapse or when adherence is uncertain.

After a first episode of schizophrenia, antipsychotic continuation for at least 1-2 years is recommended; discontinuation within 12 months produces relapse in 60-80% of patients. After a second episode, indefinite treatment is the norm. Many patients can remain on lower maintenance doses with long-acting injectables or carefully selected oral agents while preserving function.

No. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder defined by hallucinations, delusions, disorganization, and negative symptoms. Dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder) is a trauma-related dissociative condition in which two or more distinct identity states alternate in control of behavior. The two are unrelated; popular usage of "split personality" for schizophrenia is a long-standing inaccuracy.

Most people with schizophrenia are not violent and are more often victims than perpetrators of violence. Risk of violence rises modestly when schizophrenia is combined with active substance use, untreated paranoia with specific persecutory delusions, or a personal history of violence. Treatment, supported housing, and substance-use intervention reduce risk substantially.

Stress and trauma do not cause schizophrenia alone, but they raise risk in people with genetic vulnerability. Childhood abuse, neglect, and bullying roughly double lifetime psychosis risk in dose-dependent fashion. Acute stressors can precipitate a first episode or relapse in vulnerable individuals. Reducing trauma exposure and treating PTSD measurably improves outcomes.

First-episode psychosis is treated with low-dose antipsychotic medication plus coordinated specialty care that integrates therapy, family psychoeducation, supported employment, and case management. Programs such as RAISE-ETP in the US and EASA in the UK improve 2-year remission, functional outcomes, and engagement. Shortening the duration of untreated psychosis is a key goal of these services.

Many second-generation antipsychotics, especially olanzapine and clozapine, cause weight gain, dyslipidemia, and glucose dysregulation. Monitoring weight, blood pressure, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and lipids every 3-6 months is recommended. Agents with lower metabolic burden include aripiprazole, lurasidone, ziprasidone, and cariprazine. Diet, exercise, and metformin reduce antipsychotic-related weight gain.

988 is the US Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. Calling or texting 988 connects you to free confidential 24/7 support from trained crisis counselors. The lifeline is appropriate for anyone in suicidal crisis, severe emotional distress, or concern for a loved one. International equivalents exist; search for your country's crisis line.

Childhood-onset schizophrenia (before age 13) is rare, affecting roughly 1 in 40,000 children. It typically carries stronger genetic loading, more severe symptoms, and worse functional outcome than adult-onset cases. Specialized child and adolescent psychiatry care is essential. Many childhood psychotic-like experiences do not progress to schizophrenia and should be evaluated carefully before diagnosis.