Escherichia coli Infection.Care & specialists in Canada
In Canada, escherichia coli Infection is managed by infectious diseases. Escherichia coli infection refers to disease caused by pathogenic strains of a normally commensal gut bacterium, ranging from mild traveler's diarrhea to lethal hemolytic uremic syndrome. Six diarrheagenic pathotypes — STEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, EAEC, and DAEC — produce distinct clinical syndromes through different virulence mechanisms.
aliases · E. coli Infection (Escherichia coli)· ई कोलाई संक्रमण· Infección por E. coli· Infection à E. coli· reviewed May 13, 2026
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Reviewed by AIHealz Medical Editorial Board · Infectious DiseaseLast reviewed May 13, 2026
Escherichia coli infection (ICD-10: A04.0-A04.4 for intestinal infections) covers disease caused by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium that normally colonizes the human colon as a commensal. Pathogenic strains are categorized as either diarrheagenic (causing gastrointestinal disease) or extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC, causing UTI, sepsis, neonatal meningitis). Six diarrheagenic pathotypes are recognized: Shiga-toxin-producing E.
key facts
Prevalence
STEC: 265,000 US illnesses/year (CDC); ETEC: 280-400 million global cases/year of traveler's diarrhea (WHO)
Demographics
Children under 5 and adults over 65 have highest STEC complication rates; ETEC affects travelers and residents of low-resource settings broadly
Avg. age
STEC hemolytic uremic syndrome peaks in children under 5; ETEC affects all ages but documented most in travelers and infants in endemic regions
Global cases
WHO and CDC combined estimates: tens of millions of E. coli diarrhea cases annually plus uncounted millions of urinary tract infections from extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli
Specialist
Infectious Disease
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How you might notice it
The key symptoms of Escherichia coli Infection are: Watery diarrhea starting 1-3 days after a high-risk meal or exposure — characteristic of ETEC traveler's diarrhea and EPEC; typically 4-10 stools per day with crampy abdominal pain., Bloody diarrhea starting 3-4 days after exposure to undercooked ground beef, leafy greens, or unpasteurized dairy — STEC pattern; often non-bloody initially then becoming hemorrhagic over 24-48 hours., Severe abdominal cramping and tenderness, particularly in the right lower quadrant in STEC infection — sometimes mistaken for appendicitis., Low-grade or absent fever in classic STEC — high fever points toward Salmonella, Shigella, or EIEC rather than STEC., Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia accompanying the diarrhea, particularly in children with STEC or ETEC., Dehydration symptoms — thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output, lightheadedness, sunken eyes — particularly serious in infants and elderly., Dysuria, frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain in UTI from uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) — the dominant cause of community-acquired cystitis..
01Watery diarrhea starting 1-3 days after a high-risk meal or exposure — characteristic of ETEC traveler's diarrhea and EPEC; typically 4-10 stools per day with crampy abdominal pain.
02Bloody diarrhea starting 3-4 days after exposure to undercooked ground beef, leafy greens, or unpasteurized dairy — STEC pattern; often non-bloody initially then becoming hemorrhagic over 24-48 hours.
03Severe abdominal cramping and tenderness, particularly in the right lower quadrant in STEC infection — sometimes mistaken for appendicitis.
04Low-grade or absent fever in classic STEC — high fever points toward Salmonella, Shigella, or EIEC rather than STEC.
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How it’s diagnosed
diagnosis
Diagnosing E. coli infection has been transformed by multiplex PCR stool panels, which simultaneously detect STEC (by Shiga toxin gene), enterotoxigenic E. coli (by LT/ST genes), enteropathogenic E. coli (by eae gene), enteroaggregative E. coli, and enteroinvasive E. coli pathotypes, along with other diarrheal pathogens. Stool culture remains essential for STEC public health surveillance, serotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility. Traditional sorbitol-MacConkey agar culture identifies E. coli O157:H7 by its inability to ferment sorbitol — a feature unique among common E. coli. Non-O157 STEC require Shiga toxin assay or PCR for detection because they ferment sorbitol normally. CDC and IDSA recommendations call for stool Shiga toxin testing in any patient with acute bloody diarrhea, regardless of whether STEC is suspected clinically. Serotyping and whole-genome sequencing of STEC isolates support outbreak investigation. For complicated STEC infection, additional testing includes complete blood count and blood film (looking for schistocytes), LDH (elevated in microangiopathic hemolysis), reticulocyte count, coagulation studies, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, and urinalysis. The CDC defines HUS as the simultaneous occurrence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia under 150,000, and acute kidney injury (creatinine elevation, oliguria, or hematuria/proteinuria) within 3 weeks of bloody diarrhea. UTI diagnosis combines symptoms with urinalysis (pyuria, nitrites) and urine culture; for uncomplicated cystitis in young women with classic symptoms, empirical treatment without culture is acceptable. Pyelonephritis, complicated UTI, recurrent UTI, and hospital-onset UTI require culture and sensitivity testing. Blood cultures are obtained in suspected sepsis or pyelonephritis.
Key tests
01
Multiplex stool PCR panel (BioFire FilmArray GI)Detects all diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes (STEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, EAEC) plus other diarrheal pathogens in one sample. Sensitivity over 90% with results in hours.
02
Stool culture on sorbitol-MacConkey agar plus Shiga toxin assay
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Treatment & cost
medical treatments
✓Supportive care with intravenous isotonic crystalloids for STEC infection
✓Azithromycin (1 g single dose or 500 mg daily for 3 days) for ETEC traveler's diarrhea
✓Ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily for 1-3 days) for non-Asian traveler's diarrhea
✓Rifaximin (200 mg three times daily for 3 days) for adult ETEC traveler's diarrhea
surgical options
Dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) for STEC-HUS with acute kidney injuryAcute mortality 3-5% in children with dialysis support; over 70% recover renal function fully, though 20-30% have long-term proteinuria or chronic kidney disease.
Drainage of renal or perinephric abscess in complicated pyelonephritisCure rate 85-95% when abscess is adequately drained and antibiotic course completed.
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Causes & risk factors
known causes
Ingestion of undercooked ground beef and other beef products contaminated with STEC
Cattle are the principal STEC reservoir, harboring the bacteria in their gut without illness. Slaughterhouse contamination of carcass surfaces can disseminate STEC through ground beef, where surface bacteria are mixed throughout. Internal cooking to 160°F (71°C) kills STEC.
Consumption of leafy greens, raw sprouts, or produce contaminated with animal manure
Multiple US STEC outbreaks since 2006 have been traced to spinach, romaine lettuce, alfalfa sprouts, and cucumbers grown near cattle operations or irrigated with contaminated water. Washing reduces but does not eliminate surface bacteria.
Unpasteurized dairy, juices, and cider
Raw milk and unpasteurized apple cider/juice can harbor STEC, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Listeria. Cider outbreaks have been traced to fallen apples contaminated with deer or cattle feces.
Person-to-person fecal-oral transmission
STEC has a low infectious dose (10-100 organisms) and spreads readily within households, daycare centers, and nursing homes when hand hygiene is inadequate. Secondary transmission accounts for 10-20% of outbreak cases.
Contact with farm animals or petting-zoo exposure
Direct contact with cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and their environment (fences, soil, water troughs) is a documented STEC risk, particularly for children. Petting-zoo outbreaks recur each year despite hand-washing stations.
Fecally contaminated water in endemic regions (ETEC, EAEC, EPEC)
Drinking water, recreational water, and water used to wash produce can carry pathogenic E. coli in regions with inadequate sanitation. ETEC traveler's diarrhea is overwhelmingly water- and food-borne.
Ascending uropathogenic E. coli colonization of the urinary tract
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Living with it
01Cook ground beef to an internal temperature of at least 160°F (71°C); use a meat thermometer rather than relying on appearance
02Avoid raw or unpasteurized milk, soft cheese from raw milk, and unpasteurized apple cider or juice
03Wash all produce thoroughly, especially leafy greens and sprouts; avoid raw sprouts in vulnerable populations (children, pregnancy, immunocompromise)
04Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and contact with farm animals, especially before eating or preparing food
05When traveling, drink only bottled, boiled, or properly filtered water; avoid ice and raw foods that may have been washed in contaminated water
06Use catheters only when essential and remove as soon as possible — each catheter-day adds approximately 5% UTI risk
07Empty bladder after sexual intercourse to reduce UTI risk in women; avoid spermicides in recurrent UTI
recommended foods
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When to seek help
why see an infectious disease
Refer to infectious disease, gastroenterology, or pediatric nephrology for suspected STEC infection requiring HUS monitoring, persistent diarrhea over 14 days, recurrent UTI, multidrug-resistant E. coli, complicated pyelonephritis, immunocompromised patients with severe infection, or outbreak investigation. Most uncomplicated cases are managed in primary care or emergency departments.
01Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) following STEC infection — affects 5-15% of cases, with acute kidney injury, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia; requires hospital care including dialysis in approximately half
02Chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and proteinuria as long-term sequelae of HUS in 20-30% of pediatric survivors
03Bowel ischemia, perforation, or toxic megacolon in severe STEC colitis — surgical management may be required
04E. coli bacteremia and sepsis from extraintestinal pathogenic strains — particularly in immunocompromised hosts
05Pyelonephritis, renal abscess, and emphysematous pyelonephritis (especially in diabetics) from ascending UPEC
Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC / EHEC, including O157:H7)Causes bloody diarrhea typically 3-4 days after exposure to undercooked ground beef, raw produce, unpasteurized milk/cider, petting-zoo animals, or person-to-person spread. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) complicates 5-10% of pediatric cases. Antibiotics may worsen HUS risk and are contraindicated.
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)The leading cause of traveler's diarrhea — affects 30-40% of visitors to high-risk regions. Produces heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins that cause secretory watery diarrhea without blood, lasting 3-5 days. Empirical azithromycin or fluoroquinolone shortens the illness.
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)Causes acute and chronic watery diarrhea predominantly in infants under 2 in low-resource settings. Attaching-effacing lesions on enterocytes via intimin-Tir interaction destroy microvilli. Antibiotic therapy is sometimes used but supportive rehydration is the mainstay.
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)Closely related to Shigella and produces a similar dysenteric syndrome — fever, bloody mucoid stools, tenesmus. Less common than other pathotypes in the US but recognized in international outbreaks. Treated similarly to Shigella with fluoroquinolone or azithromycin.
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)Increasingly recognized cause of persistent watery diarrhea (over 14 days) particularly in immunocompromised hosts and travelers. Aggregative adherence fimbriae create a biofilm on intestinal epithelium. Associated with environmental enteropathy in children of low-resource settings.
Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) including uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)Cause UTIs (over 80% of community-acquired cystitis), neonatal meningitis, and adult sepsis. Distinct virulence repertoire from diarrheagenic E. coli — adhesins, capsule, toxins enabling colonization beyond the gut.
Living with Escherichia coli Infection
Timeline
ETEC traveler's diarrhea: 3-5 days with antibiotics, 5-7 days without. STEC infection: 5-10 days of diarrhea; HUS, if it develops, declares itself within days 5-14 of illness and requires hospital care for 2-6 weeks. Uncomplicated UTI: symptom relief within 24-48 hours of starting effective antibiotics. Pyelonephritis: 7-14 days for full clinical recovery; recheck urine culture 1-2 weeks after treatment completion. Recovery from HUS-associated acute kidney injury takes weeks to months; long-term renal monitoring is required.
Lifestyle
01Maintain aggressive oral rehydration during any diarrheal illness — use WHO oral rehydration solution rather than plain water
02Avoid antimotility drugs (loperamide) in bloody diarrhea, fever, or suspected STEC
03Watch for HUS warning signs after STEC infection: pallor, decreased urine output, bruising, fatigue — return immediately if these develop
04Complete the prescribed antibiotic course for UTI even after symptoms resolve
05Drink adequate fluids (1.5-2 L daily) to support urinary tract health and reduce stagnation
06Practice front-to-back wiping after toileting to reduce fecal-urethral transmission of E. coli
Daily management
01Sip oral rehydration solution continuously during diarrheal illness
Complementary approaches
Cranberry products for UTI preventionCochrane review (Jepson 2012, updated 2023) shows modest reduction in recurrent UTI with cranberry capsules or juice — approximately 26% reduction in symptomatic UTI in women with recurrent infection. Not a treatment for active UTI.
D-mannose 2 g daily for UTI preventionSmall randomized trial (Kranjčec 2014) showed reduced UTI recurrence comparable to nitrofurantoin prophylaxis. Mechanism is competitive inhibition of type 1 pilus adhesion to bladder uroplakin. Adjunctive to standard prevention.
Choosing a doctor
For suspected STEC, prioritize centers with rapid molecular stool diagnostics and pediatric nephrology access. For recurrent UTI, urology or infectious disease consultation is helpful when standard prevention fails. Travel medicine clinics provide pre-travel counseling and self-treatment plans for ETEC. Look for systems with established care pathways for multidrug-resistant organisms.
Patient support resources
CDC — E. coli →Authoritative US guidance on diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and current outbreaks.
FoodSafety.gov →Practical food safety advice and current US food recalls relevant to E. coli prevention.
E. coli infection is disease caused by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, normally a commensal gut bacterium. Six diarrheagenic pathotypes cause illnesses from mild traveler's diarrhea (ETEC) to bloody diarrhea with hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC/O157:H7).
How do you get E. coli?▾▴
STEC spreads via undercooked ground beef, raw milk, unpasteurized cider, leafy greens, sprouts, farm animals, and person-to-person fecal-oral contact. ETEC spreads via contaminated food and water during travel. Uropathogenic E. coli ascends from gut flora.
What are the symptoms of E. coli infection?▾▴
STEC: bloody diarrhea with severe abdominal cramps 3-4 days after exposure, often without fever. ETEC: watery diarrhea, cramps, nausea 1-3 days after exposure. UTI: dysuria, frequency, urgency. Severe cases may show dehydration, kidney failure, or sepsis.
Is E. coli treated with antibiotics?▾▴
It depends on the type. ETEC traveler's diarrhea responds to azithromycin or ciprofloxacin. UTI is treated with nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or fosfomycin. STEC is NOT treated with antibiotics — they may raise hemolytic uremic syndrome risk.
What is hemolytic uremic syndrome?▾▴
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a severe complication of STEC, with hemolytic anemia, low platelets, and acute kidney injury. It affects 5-15% of STEC cases — especially children under 5 — appearing 5-14 days into illness. Half need acute dialysis.
How long does E. coli infection last?▾▴
ETEC traveler's diarrhea typically lasts 3-5 days, shorter with antibiotics. STEC infection lasts 5-10 days for the diarrheal phase. HUS, if it develops, requires hospital care for 2-6 weeks and may have long-term kidney consequences. UTI symptoms resolve within 24-48 hours of starting effective antibiotics.
Why can't I take antibiotics for STEC?▾▴
Studies suggest antibiotics may increase hemolytic uremic syndrome risk in STEC, possibly by triggering Shiga toxin release as bacteria are killed. CDC, IDSA, and AAP advise against antibiotics in STEC. Treatment is supportive — IV fluids and HUS monitoring.
What temperature kills E. coli?▾▴
Internal cooking to 160°F (71°C) for ground beef and 145°F (63°C) for whole cuts reliably kills E. coli including O157:H7. Pasteurization kills E. coli in milk and juice. Surface washing of produce reduces but does not eliminate contamination.
Can E. coli be spread person to person?▾▴
Yes. STEC has a very low infectious dose (10-100 bacteria) and spreads readily through fecal-oral transmission, particularly within households, daycare centers, and nursing homes. Secondary transmission accounts for 10-20% of outbreak cases. Strict hand hygiene during and after illness is essential.
What is the difference between E. coli and salmonella?▾▴
Both cause foodborne diarrhea. STEC produces bloody diarrhea without fever 3-4 days after ground beef or produce exposure. Salmonella produces fever with watery (sometimes bloody) diarrhea 12 hours to 4 days after poultry or egg exposure. Stool PCR distinguishes them.
What is traveler's diarrhea?▾▴
Traveler's diarrhea affects 30-70% of visitors to high-risk regions and is most often caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), with norovirus, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella also contributing. Self-treatment with azithromycin or ciprofloxacin shortens illness by approximately 1-1.5 days. Aggressive oral rehydration is essential.
Who is at highest risk for severe E. coli?▾▴
Children under 5 and adults over 65 have the highest STEC complication rates, particularly HUS. Immunocompromised hosts develop more severe bacteremic disease. Pregnant women and patients with chronic illness have higher hospitalization rates. Patients on urinary catheters have markedly elevated UTI risk.
How is E. coli diagnosed?▾▴
Stool multiplex PCR panels rapidly identify all diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes including STEC. Stool culture with Shiga toxin testing is recommended for any bloody diarrhea. UTI is diagnosed with urinalysis and urine culture. Blood cultures are added in suspected sepsis.
Can E. coli be prevented?▾▴
Yes. Cook ground beef thoroughly (160°F internal); avoid raw milk and unpasteurized cider; wash produce thoroughly; wash hands after toileting, animal contact, and before food preparation; drink safe water when traveling; remove urinary catheters when not essential. Population-level food safety regulation prevents most outbreaks.
Is E. coli infection contagious?▾▴
STEC, EIEC, and other invasive pathotypes spread person-to-person via fecal-oral contact, especially in households, daycares, and institutions. Strict hand hygiene during and for 48 hours after symptom resolution prevents most secondary cases.
What is uropathogenic E. coli?▾▴
Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is the subgroup of E. coli adapted to colonize the urinary tract and causes over 80% of community-acquired UTIs. UPEC expresses virulence factors including adhesins (P-fimbriae, type 1 pili), toxins, and iron-acquisition systems that enable ascending infection from the urethra.
Can I get a UTI from E. coli more than once?▾▴
Yes. Recurrent UTI affects approximately 25% of women within 6 months of an initial E. coli UTI. Risk factors include sexual activity, spermicide use, postmenopausal vaginal atrophy, and urinary catheter use. Long-term low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis, vaginal estrogen, cranberry products, and D-mannose can reduce recurrence.
What if my E. coli is multidrug-resistant?▾▴
Multidrug-resistant E. coli — particularly extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers — is increasingly common and requires alternative antibiotics. Fosfomycin or nitrofurantoin work for many ESBL UTI cases; carbapenems (meropenem, ertapenem) are used for severe ESBL bacteremia. Infectious disease specialist input is helpful.
Are recalls real warnings about E. coli?▾▴
Yes. CDC and FDA food recalls for E. coli contamination are based on confirmed outbreaks or surveillance findings. Consumers should check recalled products and discard or return them. CDC outbreak pages and FoodSafety.gov provide updated information during active outbreaks.
Does the body develop immunity to E. coli?▾▴
Partial pathotype-specific immunity develops to some E. coli strains, but the diversity of pathogenic strains and ongoing exposure to new variants means repeated infection is possible. ETEC vaccines for travelers are in advanced development; no broadly effective E. coli vaccine is currently licensed for general use.
05Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia accompanying the diarrhea, particularly in children with STEC or ETEC.
06Dehydration symptoms — thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output, lightheadedness, sunken eyes — particularly serious in infants and elderly.
07Dysuria, frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain in UTI from uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) — the dominant cause of community-acquired cystitis.
08Tenesmus and small-volume bloody stools in EIEC infection, mimicking Shigella dysentery.
09Persistent diarrhea beyond 14 days, often associated with weight loss and malabsorption, in EAEC infection.
10Pallor, fatigue, decreased urine output, easy bruising, and confusion 5-14 days into a STEC illness — warning signs for hemolytic uremic syndrome requiring immediate hospital evaluation.
early warning signs
•Bloody diarrhea after eating ground beef, leafy greens, raw sprouts, or unpasteurized dairy — possible STEC infection
•Watery diarrhea starting within 1-3 days of travel to a region with poor sanitation — typical ETEC
•Diarrhea persisting beyond 14 days, especially in immunocompromised or international travelers — consider EAEC
•Pale skin, decreased urine output, easy bruising in a child recovering from bloody diarrhea — HUS warning signs
•Dysuria with frequency in a sexually active or postmenopausal woman — likely UPEC cystitis
● emergency signs
•Bloody diarrhea with pale appearance, decreased urine output, or easy bruising — possible hemolytic uremic syndrome requiring immediate hospital assessment
•Severe dehydration with confusion, fainting, cold extremities, weak rapid pulse, or no urine output for over 8 hours
•Bloody diarrhea with severe abdominal pain mimicking surgical abdomen — STEC colitis can produce ileus, ischemic-appearing colon, or perforation
•Fever above 38.5°C with rigors and signs of sepsis — possible E. coli bacteremia, especially in immunocompromised hosts
•Severe flank pain with fever and dysuria — possible pyelonephritis with risk of urosepsis
•Neurological signs (seizure, focal deficit) in a STEC patient — central nervous system involvement in severe HUS
•Persistent vomiting preventing oral rehydration in young children or elderly
Identifies E. coli O157:H7 (sorbitol non-fermenter) and Shiga-toxin-producing non-O157 strains. Provides isolates for serotyping, whole-genome sequencing, and susceptibility testing.
03
Complete blood count, blood film, LDH, reticulocyte count, creatinineMonitor for hemolytic uremic syndrome in patients with confirmed or suspected STEC. Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, schistocytes on blood film, and rising creatinine establish HUS.
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Urinalysis with microscopy and urine cultureFirst-line test for UTI. Pyuria (white blood cells), nitrites (E. coli converts urinary nitrate), and bacteriuria support diagnosis. Culture identifies organism and antibiotic sensitivity.
05
Blood culturesIdentify bacteremia in pyelonephritis, suspected sepsis, immunocompromised hosts, and complicated infections. Important for guiding antibiotic choice in serious illness.
06
Abdominal imaging (CT, ultrasound) in selected casesEvaluates complications — bowel ischemia or perforation in severe STEC colitis; renal abscess or obstruction in complicated pyelonephritis; suspected appendicitis differential.
Outlook
Most E. coli infections resolve completely with supportive care or appropriate antibiotics. Uncomplicated UTIs cure in 88-94% with first-line therapy; ETEC traveler's diarrhea resolves in 3-5 days with empirical antibiotics. STEC infection without HUS resolves in 5-10 days. The major prognostic story centers on STEC-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: acute mortality is 3-5% in pediatric HUS and up to 20% in elderly HUS, with most deaths from cardiovascular, neurological, or pulmonary complications during the acute phase. Among children who survive acute HUS, approximately 70% recover renal function fully; 20-30% develop long-term proteinuria, hypertension, or chronic kidney disease, and 3-5% progress to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplant within 10 years. Long-term neurological sequelae (seizures, behavioral changes) occur in 5-10% of severe HUS survivors. Adult HUS is less common but carries worse mortality. UTI from uropathogenic E. coli has excellent prognosis with appropriate antibiotics, though recurrence rates exceed 25% in women within 6 months of an initial UTI. Multidrug resistance — particularly ESBL and carbapenem-resistant E. coli — is an increasingly important determinant of outcome, with limited treatment options and higher mortality in resistant infections.
UPEC strains from gut flora ascend the urethra to colonize the bladder and sometimes kidneys. Female anatomy (short urethra, proximity to anus), sexual activity, urinary catheterization, and urinary stasis facilitate ascending infection.
risk factors
Age under 5 or over 65non-modifiable
Children under 5 have the highest STEC HUS rate (10-15% of infections progress to HUS). Adults over 65 have 4-5x higher STEC fatality from HUS. Both groups also have higher dehydration risk.
Consumption of undercooked ground beef, raw milk, raw sprouts, leafy greens, or unpasteurized juicesmodifiable
All documented as outbreak vehicles. CDC FoodNet data show these foods responsible for most identified STEC outbreak sources. Cooking and pasteurization reliably eliminate the pathogens.
Travel to areas with poor food and water safetymodifiable
ETEC infection rate in travelers to South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Latin America reaches 30-40% during a typical 2-week stay. Risk persists for the duration of travel.
Direct contact with farm animals or petting zoosmodifiable
Documented STEC outbreaks repeatedly traced to cattle, sheep, goat, and deer contact. Children are particularly affected. Hand washing reduces but does not eliminate risk.
Higher risk of severe E. coli bacteremia and prolonged diarrhea. ExPEC sepsis is the leading cause of Gram-negative bacteremia in many transplant populations.
Female sex (for UTI)non-modifiable
Women have 50-fold higher UTI incidence than men due to short urethra and proximity to fecal flora. Lifetime UTI risk in women is approximately 50%.
Urinary catheterization and urological instrumentationmodifiable
Catheter-associated UTI is the most common healthcare-associated infection in the US, with E. coli the leading pathogen. Each day of catheterization adds approximately 5% risk.
Daycare attendance and institutional livingenvironmental
Close contact and shared bathrooms enable rapid STEC and other diarrheal disease transmission. Outbreaks in daycare centers commonly require facility-wide cohorting.
Oral rehydration solution during acute diarrheal illness
•Bland complex carbohydrates (rice, toast, oatmeal) during recovery
•Bananas and other potassium-rich foods to replace electrolytes lost in diarrhea
•Yogurt with live cultures — modest evidence for shortening diarrhea duration
•Cranberry products or D-mannose for recurrent UTI prevention (adjunctive, modest effect)
foods to avoid
•Raw or undercooked ground beef, raw milk, soft unpasteurized cheese, raw sprouts, and unpasteurized juices
•Caffeine and alcohol — worsen dehydration
•Antimotility agents (loperamide) in any bloody diarrhea or suspected STEC
•Foods high in fat or fiber during acute diarrhea — delays gut recovery
•Spermicidal contraceptive products in women with recurrent UTI
Neonatal E. coli sepsis and meningitis — second-leading cause of neonatal sepsis and bacterial meningitis after Group B Streptococcus
07Multidrug-resistant infection from ESBL or carbapenem-resistant strains — limited treatment options and higher mortality
02Watch for signs of HUS during the 5-14 day window after STEC infection — pale skin, decreased urine output, easy bruising
03Take antibiotics for UTI exactly as prescribed and finish the full course
04Wash hands thoroughly after every bathroom visit and before preparing food
05Use clean water for drinking, cooking, and washing produce when traveling
Exercise
Rest during acute diarrheal illness and for 24-48 hours after symptom resolution. Vigorous exercise during dehydration is hazardous. Light activity may resume as fluid intake catches up with losses. Recovery from severe HUS may require weeks to months before return to normal physical activity.