In Italy, atrial Fibrillation is managed by cardiologists. Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in adults, marked by chaotic electrical activity in the atria that produces an irregularly irregular pulse and an inefficient, fluttering atrial contraction. It affects an estimated 6.1 million US adults in 2024, with projections to 10.5 million by 2030, and roughly 60 million people worldwide.
Atrial fibrillation (ICD-10: I48) is a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by disorganized atrial electrical activity at rates of 350-600 impulses per minute, with consequent loss of effective atrial mechanical contraction and an irregularly irregular ventricular response that the atrioventricular node filters down to typical rates of 100-160 beats per minute when untreated. The arrhythmia originates predominantly from rapid-firing ectopic foci in the pulmonary vein sleeves, with atrial structural and electrical remodeling sustaining the rhythm once triggered. Current ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guidelines classify AF in four stages: stage 1 (at risk), stage 2 (pre-AF with atrial structural changes), stage 3 (clinical AF — further subdivided into paroxysmal, persistent, long-standing persistent, and successfully ablated), and stage 4 (permanent AF). The condition sits at the crossroads of cardiology, neurology, and primary care because of its dual burden: symptomatic arrhythmia and elevated stroke, heart failure, and cognitive-decline risk.
The key symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation are: Palpitations described as a fluttering, racing, or pounding sensation in the chest, often irregular — the most common presenting symptom and reason for emergency department visits., Breathlessness on exertion that develops over days to weeks, often the first symptom in older adults who attribute slower walking to aging., Fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance disproportionate to age, caused by loss of atrial contribution to cardiac output (the 'atrial kick' contributes 20-30% of stroke volume)., Lightheadedness, presyncope, or frank syncope when AF runs at very rapid rates or causes a sudden drop in cardiac output., Chest discomfort or pressure that can mimic angina; coronary disease should be considered, particularly in patients with risk factors., An irregularly irregular pulse on self-palpation or smartwatch alert — a single specific physical finding that distinguishes AF from sinus rhythm., Polyuria during episodes, driven by atrial natriuretic peptide release from atrial stretch..
Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation requires electrocardiographic confirmation of the arrhythmia for at least 30 seconds on a rhythm strip or 10 seconds on a 12-lead ECG, showing absent P waves, irregularly irregular R-R intervals, and a fibrillatory baseline. A standard 12-lead ECG is the definitive test for symptomatic patients presenting in AF, but only 30-40% of paroxysmal cases are caught on a single ECG and ambulatory monitoring is needed when AF is suspected but not captured. Options range from 24-48-hour Holter to 7-14-day patch monitors (Zio, BodyGuardian) to consumer-grade single-lead ECG via Apple Watch, KardiaMobile, or Fitbit, which now have FDA clearance for AF detection. Implantable loop recorders provide 3+ years of continuous monitoring for high-risk patients after cryptogenic stroke. Once AF is documented, the workup focuses on three questions: what is the substrate, what is the stroke risk, and what is the rhythm goal. A transthoracic echocardiogram defines chamber sizes, ventricular function, and valvular disease; thyroid function tests exclude hyperthyroidism; CBC and basic metabolic panel screen for anemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and renal function for DOAC dosing. Sleep apnea screening (STOP-BANG questionnaire and polysomnography when indicated) is now considered standard. Stroke risk is quantified by CHA2DS2-VASc; bleeding risk by HAS-BLED. Transesophageal echocardiogram is reserved for ruling out left atrial appendage thrombus before cardioversion when the patient has been in AF longer than 48 hours and has not had three weeks of therapeutic anticoagulation. Recent guidelines have moved toward earlier rhythm-control consideration, particularly in newly diagnosed AF within the past year (EAST-AFNET 4), so prompt diagnosis directly influences the management trajectory.
Modern AF management substantially blunts the historical excess mortality of the arrhythmia. With appropriate anticoagulation, ischemic stroke risk falls by approximately 64% versus no treatment, and DOACs additionally lower intracranial hemorrhage compared with warfarin. AF still roughly doubles all-cause mortality compared with sinus rhythm at the same age and comorbidity profile, driven largely by heart failure, stroke, and dementia. Catheter ablation in selected patients reduces hospitalization and improves quality of life; in HFrEF with AF, CASTLE-AF demonstrated a 38% reduction in death or HF hospitalization. Early rhythm control within the first year of diagnosis reduces composite cardiovascular events by 21% per EAST-AFNET 4 (NEJM 2020). Cognitive decline and dementia incidence are elevated 1.4- to 1.5-fold in AF independent of stroke, partly mitigated by anticoagulation and rhythm control. Long-term outcomes hinge on three variables: anticoagulation adherence, control of underlying drivers (hypertension, OSA, obesity, alcohol), and how early in the disease course rhythm-control strategies are deployed.
Refer to a cardiologist at first diagnosis to confirm the rhythm, define the substrate with echocardiography, calculate stroke risk, and discuss anticoagulation and rate-versus-rhythm strategy. Refer to an electrophysiologist when symptoms persist despite antiarrhythmic drugs, when catheter ablation is being considered (now first-line for many paroxysmal AF patients), when there is suspicion of pre-excitation (WPW), or when AV junction ablation with pacing is on the table. A heart-failure specialist should be involved when AF coexists with HFrEF, given the survival benefit of catheter ablation in CASTLE-AF.
Find specialists →After a cardioversion, sinus rhythm typically holds days to months depending on substrate; antiarrhythmic prophylaxis extends maintenance. Following catheter ablation, the first 90 days is a blanking period during which transient atrial arrhythmias do not count as failure — most episodes in this window settle. Definitive efficacy is assessed at 6-12 months. With intensive risk-factor management (LEGACY-style), measurable reductions in AF burden often appear within 6 months of sustained 10% or greater weight loss and OSA treatment. After AV junction ablation with pacing, symptom benefit is immediate but commitment to the pacemaker is lifelong.
Aim for 150-300 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (brisk walking, cycling, swimming) plus two resistance sessions, ideally guided by a cardiac rehabilitation program after diagnosis. Moderate exercise reduces AF burden and improves cardiorespiratory fitness, which is one of the strongest predictors of low AF recurrence after ablation. Avoid prolonged extreme endurance efforts in older adults with established AF, as they can paradoxically trigger episodes. Resume activity within days after catheter ablation; full return to high-intensity exercise typically at 2-4 weeks per operator advice.
For uncomplicated AF, a board-certified general cardiologist managing the ABC pathway is appropriate. For rhythm control or refractory symptoms, choose an electrophysiologist who performs at least 100 ablations per year — institutional and operator volume strongly predict outcomes. Confirm familiarity with pulsed-field ablation if available; ask about complication rates (cardiac tamponade, atrioesophageal fistula, phrenic nerve injury) and how the practice tracks single-procedure success at 12 months. Continuity matters: AF management is a multi-year relationship with periodic reassessment of rhythm goals and stroke-prevention strategy.
Medically reviewed by AIHealz Medical Editorial Board · May 12, 2026
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